付 玮

(甘肃省庆城县岐伯中医院，甘肃庆城 745100)

关键词：针灸；中医学；始祖；岐伯；考证     

       《黄帝内经》是我国现存医学文献中最早的经典论著，千百年来，为中华民族的繁荣昌盛作出了巨大贡献，因而历代医家尊《内经》为“医家之宗”。本书大部分内容以黄帝与岐伯对话的形式而成。大家熟知，黄帝是我们中华民族的先祖，据《史记·五帝本纪》载：“黄帝者，少典之子，姓公孙，名曰轩辕。”是古代“三黄”之一，“五帝”之首，今陕西省黄陵县有其墓。而岐伯是何许人也？其乡籍在何处？未见史载，实为医史的一大缺憾。特别是在中医药走向世界的今天对岐伯的考证显得尤为必要，笔者不惴鲁莽，意在抛砖引玉而激起医、史界微微涟漪而感欣慰。

一、从庆阳的人文传说、史证资料、地域环境及地方志、古建筑等证明岐伯出于甘肃省庆阳县（古称北地）

1．庆阳有许多关于岐伯的人文传说

        在庆阳有岐伯降生青龙咀（今庆阳县庆城镇药王洞的传说，还有岐伯学医于中南子, 岐伯梦游上古三坟、太白金星赠送歧伯登云鞋：黄帝古壅洲拜师歧伯：干草王龙头山救岐伯：岐伯巧换环江老龙睛；孙思邈北地朝拜医祖；历代邑人名医拜医宗；岐伯七世孙传验方给周祖不窋；灵芝草远走高飞等许多人文传说。

2．庆阳的地方志及历史资料证明岐伯是庆阳人

       按《庆阳府志》清·乾隆年间《赵本植作》卷三十三（方伎）：“岐伯，北地人，精于医术，黄帝师事之，著《内经·素问》”。《庆阳县志》卷十一（人物）：“圣贤岐伯，北地人，生而神明，精医书脉理，洞察天地阴阳四时运气之理，黄帝以师事之，有《内经·素问》行世。”晋时皇甫谧《帝王世纪》云：“岐伯，黄帝臣也，帝使岐伯尝味草木，典主医药，《经方》、《本草》、《素问》之书咸出焉。”皇甫谧《黄帝三部针灸甲乙经》序称：“黄帝咨访岐伯、伯高、少师、少俞之徒，内考五脏六腑，外综经络、血气色候，参之天地，验之人物，本之性命，穷神极度，而针道生焉。”汉代张仲景在《伤寒论》自序说：“黄帝与岐伯，上穷天纪，下极地理，远取诸物，近取诸身，更相问难，垂法以福万世······而《内经》作矣。”宋·高士宗著《黄帝素问直解》云：“黄帝素问九卷计八十一篇，上凡七十四篇，皆仿诸岐伯阐明医道；此下七篇（著至教论，示从容，疏五过，征四失，阴阳类，方盛衰，解精微）则召雷公而证明其道也。”《资治通鉴》云：“黄帝命岐伯（北地人）作镯铙、鼓角、灵髀、神钲以扬德而建武。”张隐庵著《黄帝经世素问合编》记载：“天师，尊称岐伯也。天者，谓能修其天真，师乃先知先觉者也，言道者，上帝之所贵，师所以传道而设教，故称岐伯曰天师。”褚征在《褚氏遗书》中说得更为明白：“素问者，黄帝与岐伯、鬼叟区、伯高、少师、少俞、雷公六臣平素问答之书，即《本纪》所谓咨于岐伯而作《内经》是也。此书出于岐伯者多，故本纪不及诸臣耳。”这些记载都说明上古时期有岐伯其人，为著名的医学家。他尝味百草，主管医药，他不但懂医，博学多才，而且通晓音律，作了镯铙、鼓角、灵髀、神钲等乐器，用以弘扬黄帝的武德。著有《经方》、《本草》、《岐伯针经》《外经》等书。

 3．庆阳的古建筑及明清史料也证明岐伯是庆阳人

       从“黄帝古雍洲拜师岐伯”及“歧伯七世孙传验方给周祖不窋，孙思邈北地朝拜医祖”的传说以及明清时代庆阳药王洞村岐伯庙“医家之宗”牌匾及药王3月15日诞辰之日，当时香火祭奠盛况可知岐伯乃庆阳人。且《庆阳府志·坛遗》载：“岐伯庙，旧在南原，今废。”《庆阳县志·坛庙》云：“岐伯庙在县城南。”《庆阳县志》卷三（坛庙）：“岐伯庙在县城嘉会门外。”多次为其建庙，说明这位苍生大医深受庆阳人民的厚爱。

4、从黄帝陵与庆阳地理位置证明岐伯是庆阳人

    《庆阳府志》卷三十三（陵墓）：“子午山旁有黄帝陵。”子午山即现在的子午岭，为桥山一脉别称。县志卷一（山水）：“山脉永绵亘东北者曰桥山，桥山上有轩辕黄帝坟。”从黄帝陵与岐伯故里相距一百七十华里来看，则岐伯为庆阳人，与黄帝探讨医药，更属可能。

5、从唐代名医孙思邈墓地发现的石碑证明历史上存在名医岐伯。 

从陕西省耀县孙原村药王山孙思邈墓地发现《历代名医神碑》记载了上自三皇五帝时的201位名医，其中天师岐伯是三皇时期的第二位名医，岐伯的老师叫僦季贷，第三位名医叫马师皇，可见历史上确有岐伯这位大医学家存在。

二、对“古北地”的考证

       关于北地郡《庆阳县志·地理》记载：“庆阳古为禹贡之城，夏太康时周祖不窋迁此，秦县义渠，置北地郡。”《庆阳县志》卷三（建置）：“庆阳乃属禹贡雍洲之地，周之先后稷子不窋所居，号北豳。春秋时为义渠戎国，始皇灭义渠，析其地为北地郡。”《辞源》载：“北地，郡名，秦置统甘肃归宁夏、庆阳、固源、泾洲诸府州之地、治义渠。”又说“北地，汉置系甘肃归宁夏、庆阳二府之地，治马岭。”《庆阳县志》载：“马岭镇在县城西北八十里，即汉北地郡治。”马岭即今庆阳县马岭镇在县城西北80华里处。从秦汉时郡治而言，庆阳为岐伯故里，再查阅《汉书》与《两晋书》，从秦末西汉至南北朝时，庆阳一带一直为北地郡。且公元前1077年周武王灭殷建立起新的周王朝，至今周祖遗陵为庆阳八景之首。《庆阳府志》卷一《流寓》：“夏之窋、后稷之后，值夏德衰乱，窜居北豳，即今庆阳也，子鞠匋、孙公刘，俱历世为兹人。”《辞源》载：“后稷，虞舜时农官，弃掌其事，故亦称为后稷，周之始祖也······十五代传至武王，遂有天下。”以此说明北地乃庆阳的古称。

三、针灸学家魏稼在其《各家针灸学说》中肯定岐伯是“黄帝针灸”的核心人物

        近人谢利恒《中国医学源流论·医学变迁》云：“吾国之兴，遐哉，尚矣！《曲礼》：‘医不三世，不服其药’。孔疏引旧说：‘三世者，一曰《黄帝针灸》、二曰《神农本草》三曰《素女脉决》（又曰《天子脉决》）’此盖中国医学最古之派别也，其书之传于后世者，若《灵枢经》，则《黄帝针灸》一派也：若《本经》，则《神农本草》一派也：若《难经》，则《素女脉决》一派也。其笔之于书，盖亦在周秦之际······”

   从《内经》、《帝王世纪》、《针灸甲乙经》及宋·罗史》记载，“黄帝针灸”是我国最古的医学流派，亦即医学始祖，而这一学派的创始人和传播者，实为当时的名医岐伯。以《内经》多以黄帝，岐伯的问答的形式出现，可见岐伯为黄帝之师：岐伯为此派核心人物。从《甲乙经·序》“黄帝咨访岐伯······而针道生焉”亦证明这一点。从《路史》等文献可知岐伯之师叫僦季贷。除《内经》外《隋志》中的《岐伯经》、《旧唐书》书中的《黄帝明堂经》、《黄帝针灸经》、《新唐书》中的《岐伯灸经》、《宋史·艺文经》中的《岐伯针经》，还有清·陈士铎在其《辩证奇闻》中提到《外经》均为岐伯所著，可见定岐伯为医学始祖确不为过。

 四、医祖岐伯资料亡失的原因

       既然医祖岐伯在祖国医学中有如此重要的地位，为何未见史载，是因为岐伯所处的时代距今已数千年，随着历史的变迁，岁月的流逝，以及针灸学的几起几落，加之如秦始皇“焚书坑儒”及文革之类的政治运动，还有战火等各种自然灾害的原因使古迹、文物、书籍毁坏流失。在唐代还有孙思邈北地朝拜医祖岐伯的传闻，在明、清还有许多名人在岐伯诞辰之日奠祭香火盛况。但由于现代医学近百年来对中医学的冲击，改变了“一针二灸三吃药”现状。亦是其用进废退的原因之二。

       从皇甫谧著《帝王世纪》所载及汉晋六代去古较近而言，历史上确有岐伯这位大医学家。笔者认为考证医祖岐伯，不仅为发掘祖国医学文化遗产，开发庆阳旅游资源具有重要意义，而且为填补医史空白，确定《内经》成书年代及岐伯为《内经》核心作者，纠正《内经》无作者以及黄帝、岐伯乃传说中的人物更具现实意义。为此，笔者建议，在我省成立国际岐伯医学研究会，在庆阳成立岐伯医学研究所，设立专项基金会，以从广度和深度开发庆阳的旅游和医学资源。

        既有乡籍，又有书载，既有老师，又有许多论著传世，而认为是传说中的人物。笔者认为不妥，欣而深加考证，上慰英灵，下告后人。当然，限于笔者才疏学浅，不能对岐伯如此重要的医学人物妄加定论。最近，王雪苔老师在《医经小学》所载，佚名氏《针经》，笔者认为这个佚名氏就乃岐伯，也许是古人“不要人夸颜色好，只留清气满乾坤”的真实写照。

Medical only Zu qi Brokaw

Fu Wei

(Qingcheng County Qibo Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine，Qingcheng， Gansu 745100，China)

Key words: Acupuncture and moxibustion, Chinese medicine before Zuqi Bo textual 

     "Huang Di Nei Jing" is China's existing medical literature as early as the classical theory of the thousands of years, the Chinese nation has made great contributions to the prosperity and thus respect for ancient physicians, "Nei Jing" as a "medical home of the cases." Most of the content of this book to the Yellow Emperor in the form of a dialogue with the Qi Bo made. Well-known, the Yellow Emperor is our Chinese ancestors, according to "Historical Records • five emperors of the Millennium" contains: "Yellow Emperor who, less Code, the son of the family name of Kung-sun, the name Xuan Yuan." Ancient "three yellow" one of the "Five Emperors" in the first , this Huangling County, Shaanxi Province has its own grave. The Qi Bo is what kind of people? Township, where its membership? No historical records, medical history is indeed a major shortcoming. Especially in Chinese medicine to the world of today's textual Qi Bo is particularly necessary, the author does not speculative recklessness, is intended to attract valuable comments and stirred medicine, history of community and a sense of slight ripple pleased. 

1, from Qingyang human legend, the history of card data, geographic environment and local history and old buildings that Peter out of Gansu Province, Qingyang Xian Qi (ancient times known as the North)

 1. Qingyang There are many legends about the human Qi Bo 

 There was born in Qingyang Lung Qi Bo Tsui (now the town of Qingyang Xian Qing Medicine King holes legend 

There was a medical student in South Africa Bo-qi son, Qi Bo sleepwalking three ancient graves, Taibaijinxing gift discrimination Burdon cloud shoes: the Yellow Emperor of ancient obstruct Qi Bo Chau Hayashi: hay Longtoushan save Qi Wang Bo: Bo Qiao Qi Jiang Lo Lung-eye-for-loop; Sun Simiao the North Medical ancestral worship; ages thanks to Yi Ren famous doctor medical cases; Oki Tsu Peter VII, SUN Chuan-prescription to non-Zhu; fungus grass emigrated, and many other cultural legends. 

2. Qingyang of local history and historical data to show that people Qi Bo is Qingyang 

  Click "Qingyang Prefecture Zhi" Qianlong years of Qing • "Zhao of this plant as" Volume 33 (square Kabuki): "Qi Bo, the North of people, experts in medicine, the Yellow Emperor's teacher was, the" Nei Jing Su Wen • "." "Qingyang County," Juan Shiyi (People): "saint-Qi Bo, the North of people, born gods, fine medical books pulse science, insight into the yin and yang, 4:00 luck heaven and earth science, the Yellow Emperor's teacher was that there was" Nei Jing Su • Q "line world." when the Huangfu Mi Jin, "The Age of Kings" Cloud: "Qi Bo, Huang Di Chen also, so that Qi Bo Emperor tasting vegetation, typical main medicine," by the side "," Materia Medica "," Su asked, "The Book of Ham out of Yan. "Huangfu Mi," the Yellow Emperor and B by the three acupuncture, "Xu said:" Yellow Emperor's visit to Qi Bo counseling, Bo Gao, less division, less Yu of believers, which test the viscera, external Comprehensive meridian, blood gas color-designate, the Senate of the Heaven and Earth , inspection of the figures, the present of their lives, Qiong Shen extreme, while the needle Dawson Yan. "Han Zhang Zhongjing in the" Treatise on Febrile Diseases, "preface, said:" Huang Di and Qi Bo, on the poor days of discipline, the next most geographically far come from the objects, nearly taking Moromi more difficult relative to asking, hanging law to Fu Jesus Christ • • • • • • The "Nei Jing" as a carry on. "Song • Goldsmith cases of" Huang Di Su Wen Direct Solution "says:" Huang Di Su Wen volume meter 8 9 11, 74, on where are all fake Zhu Qi Bo to clarify medical Road; the next seven (to teach the theory, showing calm, sparse five before, sign four loss, yin and yang, classes, parties rise and fall, Xie microscopic) were summoned Thunder Road which is also proved. "" restructure "says:" Yellow Emperor Ming Qi Bo (North to person) to make bracelet Nao, Gu Jiao, Ling-pei, God 钲 to Yandi and Jianwu. "ZHANG Yin Temple of" the Yellow Emperor by the World Su asked eds., "reads:" Fearless, Qi Bo also glorified. those days, that can repair their innocence, the division also is foresight, Yan Road, who by God's expensive, so the division set to teach evangelism, so that qi bo Yue Fearless. "CHU Zheng in" Chu Shi suicide note "put it more clearly:" Su asked who the Yellow Emperor and Qi Bo, ghosts Suu area, Bo Gao, less division, less Yu, Thunder 6 Robinson Q & A book alter-ego, namely, "The Millennium" so-called consultation on the Qi Bo and as "Nei Jing" is also. the book for more than Oki Peter who would, therefore, is less than Zhu Chen Ji ears. "All this shows that in ancient times these records have Qi Bo its people, for the well-known physician. He tasted a hundred herbs taste in charge of medicine, he not only understands medicine, learned, and the knowledge of temperament made bracelet Nao, Gu Jiao, Ling-pei, God 钲 other musical instruments, used to promote the Yellow Emperor Wu De. Author of "The Party", "Materia Medica", "Qi Bo needle" "foreign economic" and other books. 

 3. Qingyang of ancient architecture and historical data also proved the Ming and Qing Qi Bo is the man Qingyang 

 From the "Yellow Emperor Qi Bo Gu Yong Chau apprentice" and "Peter VII, SUN Chuan-Qi prescription to a non-Ku Tsu, Sun Ssu-Northeast Medical ancestral worship," the legend and the era of the Ming and Qing Qi Bo Tung Village, Qingyang Medicine King Temple, "Doctors of the cases of" plaque and Medicine King's birthday March 15 date, when the incense and pay homage to grand occasion is Qingyang people can see Qi Bo. And "Qingyang Prefecture Chi • Tan left" contains: "Qi Bo Temple, the old in the South Valley, this waste." "Qingyang County • Tanmiao" Cloud: "Qi Bo Temple in south county." "Qingyang County" Makizo ( Tan Miao): "Qi Bo Ka will be outside the temple in the town." many times for its temple to illustrate the common people Qingyang large medical deeply love the people. 

4, from the tomb and the location proved Qingyang Qingyang Qi Bo is the man 

"Qingyang Prefecture Chi" Volume 33 (Tomb): "Meridian Hill next to the Mausoleum of Huangdi." Meridian Hill now known as Meridian Ridge, in order to bridge mountain a pulse another name. County Paper (Landscape): "Mountain Wing Stretching northeast Zheyue Bridge Hill, Bridge mountains have the Yellow Emperor Huangdi tomb." Qi Bo from the tomb and the hometown of 170 li away from view, then the Qi Bo to Qingyang people, and to explore the Yellow Emperor medicine, it is even more likely. 5, from the Tang Dynasty, famous doctor Sun Ssu-stone tomb found in the history of the existence proof of famous doctors Qi Bo.  From the original village, Shaanxi Province, Sun Yaoxian Chakpori Sun Ssu cemetery discovered "Chronicles famous doctor God Tablet "Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors of self-recorded time of 201 doctors, including Fearless Qi Bo is the second time San Juan doctors, teachers called Qi Bo quarter loan-to-hire, the third famous doctors called the Marsh King, showing that indeed the history of this Qi Bo bit large physician there. Second, to the "ancient northern land" of the textual  With regard to the North County "Qingyang County • Geography" reads: "Ancient as the Yugong Qingyang City, When Tsu-Ku Tai Hong Xia does not move this, Qin Yi Qu county, home to the North County. "" Qingyang County, "Makizo (build):" Qingyang is an Yugong Yong Island land of weeks of the first son of non-Zhu Hou Ji as Oasis, The North Bin. Spring and autumn when Yi Qu Rong Guo, Shi-huang-yi eliminate sewer, analysis of their way for the North County. "" Ci Yuan "contains:" the North, the Cornwall, Qin unified home owned by Ningxia, Gansu Qingyang, solid sources, Jing Zhou Zhu state government land, Zhiyi Qu. "And that" the North, the Han Dynasty set owned by the Department of Gansu, Ningxia, Qingyang Prefecture of the two, the rule maling. "" Qingyang County "contains:" Ma Zhen in the county northwest of 80 years, namely, the Han to the North Gunji. "Maling term of the present Qingyang Xian Ma Zhen 80 li northwest of the county office. Gunji from the Qin and Han dynasties, when run, Qingyang for Qi Bo hometown, and then see" Han Shu "and" Jin Dynasty book ", from the Western Han Dynasty to the Northern and Southern Dynasties Qin Mo, Qingyang County area has been to the North. and the eradication of BC 1077 King Wu of Zhou Yin Zhou and establish a new dynasty, has left behind Tsu-Ling as the first eight scenic spots in Qingyang. "Qingyang Prefecture Zhi" Volume "liu-yii": "Xia Zhu, Hou Ji, the value of Richard decline chaos, channeling home north Bin, term of the present Qingyang also, sub-Ju 匋, SUN Gong Liu, Ju Li Shi of're people. "" Ci Yuan "contains:" Hou Ji, Yushun when the agricultural officer, abandoned palm being to, hence making it known as the Hou Ji, the ancestor of weeks are also • • • • • • 15 on behalf of the spread to King Wu Hence the world. "In this description of the ancient times known as the North is Qingyang. 

Third, acupuncture and moxibustion scientist Wei Jia in its "Gejia acupuncture theory" Qi Bo affirmed the "Yellow Emperor acupuncture," the central figure 

 Neighbor Shirley Heng, "On the Origin and Development of Chinese medicine • Medical Change" Cloud: "My country-hing, HUANG Zai, Shang Yi! "Qu li": 'Medicine is not III, dissatisfied with their drugs'. Kong Shu cited old said: 'III, who, one, called "The Yellow Emperor acupuncture," Second, "Shen Nong's Materia Medica," third is "Motome pulse must" (You Yue, "Son of Heaven pulse must")' This covers the most ancient of the factions in Chinese medicine also, his book of the transmission to future generations, if they "Lingshu Jing", the "Yellow Emperor acupuncture" faction has: if the "Jing", the "Shen Nong's Materia Medica," faction also: If the "difficult Jing", the "Motome Pulse decision" faction also. The pen's in the book, covered also the occasion of Zhou-Qin • • • • • • " 

 From the "Nei Jing", "The Age of Kings", "Acupuncture and B by" and the Song • Romanian history "in mind Set, "the Yellow Emperor acupuncture" is China's oldest medical schools, that is, medical ancestor, and this school's founder and propagator of the famous doctor was actually Qi Bo. The "Nei Jing" using the Yellow Emperor, Qi Bo's question and answer form, can be seen as the Yellow Emperor's teacher Bo-qi: Qi Bo central figure in this camp. From "A and B via • Preface" "Yellow Emperor's visit to Qi Bo counseling • • • • • • Yan-sang, and the needle," also demonstrates this point. From the "Road History" and other literature we can see Peter's teacher called the hire Qi season loan. In addition to "Nei Jing" foreign "Suizhi" in the "Qi Bo Jing", "Old Tang," the book "Yellow Emperor Ming-tang through," "Yellow Emperor by acupuncture," "New Book of Tang" in the "qi bo Moxibustion Classic," "Sung • arts and culture through the" in "Qi Bo needle," there are clear • Chen Duo in its "dialectical unheard-of" in reference to "foreign economy" are written by Qi Bo, see Bo-qi set for medical ancestors did not an exaggeration . 

 4, the medical information Zuqi Bo Wang Shi reasons 

 Since the medical Zuqi Bo in Chinese medicine has such an important position, why is no historical records, because the times in which Qi Bo has been for thousands of years ago, along with the historical changes, the passage of time, as well as several hundreds of acupuncture down, together with such as The First Emperor "Fenshukengru" and political movements like the Cultural Revolution, as well as natural disasters, war and other reasons why monuments, relics, books, damaged drain. In the Tang Dynasty to worship the North there is Sun Ssu Medical Zuqi Bo rumors, in the Ming and Qing Qi Bo and many celebrities in the day of the birth of grand drink offering incense. However, modern medicine, Chinese medicine on the impact of the last century, changing the "one Acupuncture-Moxibustion medicine," the status quo. Also is its use and disuse because of the two. 

From the Huangfu Mi of "The Age of Kings" and the Han and Jin set out in six generations to close in terms of ancient history there are the great physician Qi Bo. I believe that textual medical Zuqi Bo, not only to explore cultural heritage of Chinese medicine to develop tourism resources Qingyang of great significance, but also to fill gaps in medical history to determine the "Nei Jing" into a book age and Qi Bo as "Nei Jing" core authors, correct " Nei Jing "No author, as well as the Yellow Emperor, Qi Bo is the legendary figure in more practical significance. For this reason, I propose, in the province set up an international Qi Bo Medical Research Council, established in Qingyang Qi Bo Institute of Medicine, set up a special fund to develop the breadth and depth of tourism and medical resources in Qingyang. Both rural membership, another book set, both teachers, there are many on the handed down, but that is a legendary figure. In my opinion wrong, Yan and deep Canadian research, the souls of comfort, the next warning future generations. Of course, limited to the author Caishuxueqian, Qi Bo can not be so important to the medical people to make rash conclusions. More recently, Wang Xue moss teacher "medicine by primary schools," as set out in 佚名's "needle", I think this is the 佚名 Qi Bo's is perhaps the ancients, "Do not boast colors were good, leaving only clear air over heaven and earth," a true portrayal.